Health Effects
On one hand, caffeine may
- enhance exercise performance by improving muscle contractions, increasing tolerance to fatigue, and reducing perceived exertion.
- improve brain function (including alertness, short-term recall, and reaction time) through action on arousal, mood, and concentration.
- increase metabolism by stimulating the central nervous system.
On the other hand, caffeine is associated with
- inhibited iron and zinc absorption if consumed within the same hour of consuming coffee or tea.
- reduced bone mass and increased fracture risks in individuals with low overall calcium intake.
- increased rate of insomnia, headache, and dysphoria.
- increased anxiety-related symptoms through the dysregulation of the stress response system.
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